The paper offers insight into the specific features of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, which cause difficulties in understanding language and expressing thoughts, significantly impairing the ability for verbal communication. In examining the two main types of aphasia, particular focus is given to syntactic and semantic impairments, which include grammatical and articulatory difficulties, as well as speech comprehension and production, through the analysis of various language processing models, such as those of Levelt and Garrett, along with the indispensable theory of the mental lexicon. Additionally, the paper explores how individuals with aphasia process concrete and abstract concepts, figurative language, and humor. Toward the end, a case study of "The Man Who Lost His Language," Sheila Hale's memoir, is presented to support the theory with a real-life example. Finally, it is concluded that speech and comprehension difficulties in aphasic individuals are complex, varied, and subject to individual differences, depending on the type of aphasia and the area of brain damage. Moreover, these are accompanied by deficits in cognitive abilities. Aphasia does not only affect the area of the brain directly damaged by the lesion; it may also involve broader cognitive deficits that influence various aspects of language function and general cognition.